How Fast Can the Fastest Speed Reader Read

Techniques claiming to better the ability to read chop-chop

Speed reading is any of many techniques challenge to meliorate one'southward ability to read quickly. Speed-reading methods include chunking and minimizing subvocalization. The many available speed-reading training programs may utilize books, videos, software, and seminars. There is picayune scientific testify regarding speed reading, and as a outcome its value seems uncertain. Cerebral neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene says that claims of reading up to 1,000 words per minute "must exist viewed with skepticism".^[1]

History [edit]

The concept of mod speed reading was thought to have formed in the late 1950s, when Evelyn Woods, a schoolteacher, began to coin the term. It is said that she was curious to understand why some people were naturally faster at reading, so tried to force herself to read very quickly. In 1958, while brushing off the pages of a book she had thrown, she noticed that the sweeping motion of her paw across the folio defenseless the attention of her optics, and helped them move more smoothly beyond the page. She then used the hand equally a pacer. Woods first taught the method at the University of Utah, before launching it to the public as Evelyn Wood'due south Reading Dynamics in Washington, D.C. in 1959.^[2]

Methods & Principles [edit]

Skimming and scanning [edit]

Skimming is a procedure of speed reading that involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to the chief idea or when reading an essay, it tin hateful reading the beginning and catastrophe for summary information, and then optionally the first sentence of each paragraph to speedily decide whether to seek still more detail, as determined past the questions or purpose of the reading.^{[three] [4] [five] [6] [7]} For some people, this comes naturally, but is commonly acquired by practice. Skimming is normally seen more in adults than in children. It is conducted at a college rate (700 words per minute and above) than normal reading for comprehension (around 200–230 wpm), and results in lower comprehension rates,^[8] especially with information-rich reading textile.

Scanning is the process where one actively looks for information using a mind-map (organizing data in a visually hierarchical way that showcases the interrelatedness of the information for better retrievability) formed from skimming.^{[ citation needed ]} These techniques are used past meta-guiding your eyes. Scanning includes the main signal likewise as headings and important data.

Meta guiding [edit]

Meta guiding is the visual guiding of the eye using a finger or pointer, such as a pen, in order for the eye to motion faster along the length of a passage of text. It involves drawing invisible shapes on a page of text in gild to augment the visual span for speed reading. For instance, an audience of customers at a speed reading seminar volition be instructed to utilize a finger or pen to brand these shapes on a page and told that this volition speed up their visual cortex, increase their visual span to have in the whole line, and fifty-fifty imprint the information into their subconscious for afterward retrieval. It has also been claimed to reduce subvocalization (proverb words in your head rather than grasping the idea), thereby speeding upwards reading. Because this encourages the eye to skim over the text, it can reduce comprehension and memory, and pb to missing important details of the text. An emphasis on viewing each word, albeit briefly without regression (Regression is an unconscious process where the eyes become forward two or three "stops" and then get back.) is required for this method to be constructive. Eastward.grand. South motion and Z movement.^{[ clarification needed ]}

Speed reading is a skill honed through practise. Reading a text involves comprehension of the fabric. In speed reading exercise this is done through multiple reading processes: preview, overview, read, review and recite; and past read and recall (recording through writing a short summary or a mental outline) exercises.^[9] Some other important method for better comprehension is the SQ3R procedure. These processes aid an individual to retain nearly of the presented ideas from a reading fabric. A better focus in comprehension is attained through a better reading procedure with skilful understanding of the topic.^{[ clarification needed ]}

Types of reading [edit]

In that location are iii types of reading:

1. Subvocalization: sounding out each discussion internally, as reading to yourself. This is the slowest grade of reading.
2. Auditory reading: hearing out the read words. This is a faster process.
3. Visual reading: understanding the meaning of the word, rather than sounding or hearing. This is the fastest process.

Subvocalization readers (Mental readers) by and large read at approximately 250 words per minute, auditory readers at approximately 450 words per minute and visual readers at approximately 700 words per infinitesimal. Proficient readers are able to read 280–350 wpm without compromising comprehension.^[10]

Effect on comprehension [edit]

Skimming is mainly used for researching and getting an overall idea of a text, especially when fourth dimension is express. Duggan & Payne (2009) compared skimming with reading commonly, given simply plenty fourth dimension to read normally through one-half of a text. They institute that the main points of the full text were better understood after skimming (which could view the full text) than after normal reading (which but read one-half the text). In that location was no difference between the groups in their understanding of less of import information from the text.^[xi] Skimming or skipping over text can besides assist in comprehension when layered reading, a process of strategic rereading, is employed.^[12] Farther findings suggest that trained speed readers take a slight advantage in both comprehension and speed to untrained skimmers. It is thus suggested past experts that speed-reading is most useful to those who need "to skim a big corporeality of material or demand to improve their report skills" and less useful to those who read "highly technical cloth that requires careful study of each sentence"^[13]

Software [edit]

Eye exercise for speed reading

Computer programs are bachelor to help instruct speed reading students. Some programs present the data as a serial stream, since the brain handles text more efficiently by breaking it into such a stream before parsing and interpreting information technology.^{[ citation needed ]} The 2000 National Reading Panel (NRP) report (p. 3-1) seems to support such a mechanism.

To increase speed, some older programs required readers to view the center of the screen while the lines of text effectually it grew longer. They likewise presented several objects (instead of text) that motion line past line or bounce effectually the screen. Users had to follow the object(due south) with only their eyes. A number of researchers criticize using objects instead of words as an effective grooming method, claiming that the merely manner to read faster is to read actual text. Many of the newer speed reading programs use congenital-in text, and they primarily guide users through the lines of an on-screen book at divers speeds. Often, the text is highlighted to indicate where users should focus their eyes. They are not expected to read past pronouncing the words but instead to read past viewing the words every bit consummate images. The exercises are too intended to railroad train readers to eliminate subvocalization.

Controversies in speed reading [edit]

Common controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts like comprehension vs speed; reading vs skimming; popular psychology vs evidence-based psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of fifty% is deemed unusable by some educationalists.^[14] Advocates claim that speed reading is a great success and that it is a demonstration of good comprehension for many purposes.^[15] The merchandise-off between speed and comprehension must be analyzed with respect to the type of reading that is being done, the risks associated with misunderstanding due to low comprehension, and the benefits associated with getting through the textile apace and gaining information at the actual rate is to be obtained. Mark Seidenberg considers claims like reading 25,000 words per minute "cannot exist truthful given basic facts about eyes and texts". He goes on to say that "people are equally likely to read thousands of words per minute equally they are to run faster than the speed of calorie-free". Marshall McLuhan was initially a convert to speed reading, still later on concluded it was only useful for tasks similar "scanning junk mail".^[16]

A plot of the eye movements of a speed reader

Similarly, in evaluating a claim that a like reading strategy known every bit PhotoReading could increase reading rates to 25,000 words per minute, McNamara published a preliminary analysis funded past NASA to evaluate whether this strategy could improve reading speed, comprehension, and information gathering efficiency. When identical versions of v reading samples and accompanying reading comprehension tests were administered to a trainee and an practiced in this reading strategy, at that place was no reward in overall reading time or comprehension. This strategy may also cause overestimation of one's knowledge, as demonstrated by the following case in McNamara's preliminary analysis, showing show of the Dunning-Kruger event:^[17]

The final chore given to the PhotoReading skilful was to read the iii chapters from the textbook on Physiology in order to have an exam from a course that used that textbook. The question was just: Would she pass the exam? The expert took 73 minutes to PhotoRead and read the iii capacity of the textbook required for the test (i.e., 361 words per minute). She PhotoRead for 9 minutes the night before taking the test. The following morning, she read the text using various rapid reading and activation techniques. She then answered the questions. She completed the half-dozen true/faux and 30 multiple choice questions, just did not attempt to answer the make full-in-the-bare or short-answer questions. Hence, comprehension operation on the conceptual questions was 0 percent. She answered 2 of 7 multiple-choice prior noesis questions correctly (29%). Of the text relevant questions, she answered four of 6 true/false questions correctly (67%), and viii of 23 multiple-option question correctly (35%). This functioning is extremely low and only slightly above chance level operation for these types of questions (i.e., fifty% and 25%, respectively). In sum, she did non laissez passer the examination.

It is important to note that after PhotoReading the text (but before taking the exam), she rated her understanding of the material every bit four.five on a 5-point calibration (5 representing a adept understanding). Moreover, she estimated that she would remember approximately 68 percent of the material for the test, with a grade of C+. This loftier level of confidence in terms of her text comprehension would have remained unshattered had she not and then taken the examination – after which she rated her comprehension much lower (i.due east., 2)

In a 2016 article^[18] published in the journal of 'Psychological Science in the Public Interest', the authors conclude there is no 'magic bullet' for reading more rapidly while maintaining comprehension other than to practice reading and to go a more than skilled language user (eastward.g. through increased vocabulary). The authors proceed with debunking common speed reading techniques such as eliminating sub-phonation, reading more than 1 word at a fourth dimension a.grand.a. grouping, using RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation), increasing peripheral vision, alternate colors for each line of text.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy was a proponent of speed reading,^[19] encouraging his staff to take lessons, and he suggested in an interview that he had a reading speed of one,200 words per infinitesimal.^[twenty] U.South. President Jimmy Carter, and his wife Rosalynn, were both gorging readers and enrolled in a speed-reading course at the White Firm,^[21] along with several staff members.

Ronald Carver, a professor of education research and psychology, claims that the fastest college graduate readers can read only about 600 words per minute, at most twice as fast as their slowest counterparts, and suggests that Kennedy's claimed reading speed was more than a measure of how fast he could skim a slice of text.^[22] Other critics have suggested that speed reading is actually skimming, not reading.^[23]

The World Championship Speed Reading Contest stresses reading comprehension as disquisitional. The tiptop contestants typically read around one,000 to ii,000 words per minute with approximately fifty% comprehension or above. The six time globe champion Anne Jones is recorded for 4200wpm with previous exposure to the fabric and 67% comprehension. The recorded number of words the eye can see in single fixation is iii words.^[24]

"Speed Reading World Tape" claims have been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the United States has claimed to be the Guinness World Record holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per minute,^[25] and Maria Teresa Calderon from the Philippines claims to have earned the Guinness World Record for World's Fastest Reader at eighty,000 words per minute reading speed and 100% comprehension. ^[26] Critics point out that it is possible to beat some speed reading globe records by reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages as fast as possible without reading it. The Guinness Speed Reading Earth Tape Standards are not known and they accept terminated^{[ when? ]} adding speed readers to its award list. In 2015, Memoriad, the Globe Mental Sports Federation, set the rules for "Speed Reading World Record Standards" in order to prevent unclear claims.^{[27] [28]}

Run into besides [edit]

• Incremental reading – reading method aimed at long-term memorization
• Learning styles
• Learning to read
• Pareto principle
• Slow reading − intentional reduction in the speed of reading
• TL;DR an abbreviation for "Too Long; Didn't Read"

References [edit]

1. ^ Dehaene, Stanislas (26 October 2010). Reading in the Encephalon. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 17–18. ISBN978-0-14311-805-3.
2. ^ Frank, Stanley D. (1994). Call up Everything You Read: The Evelyn Wood Seven-Twenty-four hour period Speed Reading and Learning Programme. Cambridge University Press. p. twoscore. ISBN978-1-56619-402-0.
3. ^ "Study Skills – Effective reading strategies". Charles Darwin University . Retrieved eleven August 2017.
4. ^ "How to read an academic article – part 7". Len Thousand Holmes.org.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
5. ^ "How to read an academic article – function 1". Len M Holmes.org.uk . Retrieved 11 Baronial 2017.
6. ^ Keshav, Due south. (17 Feb 2016). "How to Read a Paper" (PDF). University of Waterloo . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
7. ^ "Paragraphs and Topic Sentences". Indiana University . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
8. ^ Simply, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Linguistic communication Comprehension. Newton, MA: Allyn & Salary. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0. Archived from the original on 17 Apr 2015. Retrieved xv May 2016.
9. ^ Brownish, Emily (23 June 2017). "Method to Meliorate Reading Speed". GetAcademicHelp.com.
10. ^ "Speed Reading". The Academy of Chicago Student Health and Counseling Services. Archived from the original on vii March 2018. Retrieved xxx Dec 2017.
11. ^ Duggan, G.B.; Payne, South.J. (September 2009). "Text skimming: the process and effectiveness of foraging through text nether time pressure" (PDF). J Exp Psychol Appl. 15 (3): 228–242. doi:10.1037/a0016995. PMID 19751073.
12. ^ Lemov, Doug; Driggs, Colleen; Woolway, Erica (2016). Reading Reconsidered: A Practical Guide to Rigorous Literacy Educational activity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63. ISBN978-1-11910-424-7.
13. ^ Vanderlinde, William (2018). "Speed Reading: Fact or Fiction?". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (four): 47–49.
14. ^ Carver, Ronald P. (1992). "Reading Charge per unit: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications". Periodical of Reading. 36 (two): 84–95.
15. ^ Buzan, Tony (2006). The Speed Reading Volume. Harlow: BBC Active. ISBN978-1-4066-1021-five.
16. ^ Seidenberg, Mark (2017). Linguistic communication at the Speed of Sight: How Nosotros Read, Why So Many Can't, and What Can Be Done About Information technology. New York Urban center: Basic Books. pp. seventy–84. ISBN978-0-46508-065-vi.
17. ^ McNamara, Danielle Southward. (30 September 1999). "Preliminary Analysis of PhotoReading" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server . Retrieved 13 December 2018.
18. ^ Rayner, Keith; Schotter, Elizabeth R.; Masson, Michael E. J.; Potter, Mary C.; Treiman, Rebecca (xiv January 2016). "So Much to Read, So Little Time". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (1): four–34. doi:10.1177/1529100615623267. ISSN 1529-1006. PMID 26769745.
19. ^ Schoenberg, Philip Ernest (2000). "John F. Kennedy on Leadership". The Presidential Expert. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009.
20. ^ Noah, Timothy (eighteen February 2000). "JFK, Speed-Reader". Slate. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved thirteen March 2019.
21. ^ "American Experience". PBS. 2002. Archived from the original on viii September 2005.
22. ^ Noah, Timothy (18 Feb 2000). "The one,000-Discussion Dash". Slate.
23. ^ Carroll, Robert T. (26 October 2015). "Speed-reading". The Skeptic's Dictionary.
24. ^ Bremer, Rod (2011). The Manual: A Guide to the Ultimate Study Method (2nd ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publishing. ISBN978-0-99349-640-0.
25. ^ "Howard Berg "World's Fastest Reader" on Adept Twenty-four hours Tampa Bay, Flim-flam 13 Tampa, 02-16-13". YouTube. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 Dec 2021.
26. ^ "World's fastest reader (80,000 words per infinitesimal)". YouTube. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
27. ^ "Speed Reading World Tape Standards". Memoriad.com.
28. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards - Memoriad". YouTube. ix July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 Dec 2021.

Farther reading [edit]

• Carver, Ronald P. (1990). Reading Rate: A Review of Research and Theory. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12162-420-0.
• Cunningham, A. East.; Stanovich, Thousand. Due east.; Wilson, M. R. (1990). "Cerebral Variation in Developed Higher Students Differing in Reading Ability". In Carr, Thomas H.; Levy, Betty Ann (eds.). Reading and its Evolution: Component Skills Approaches. New York Metropolis: Academic Printing. pp. 129–159. ISBN978-0-12160-645-9.
• A Review of the Research on the Instructional Effectiveness of AceReader. Report No. 258 (PDF) (Report). Educational Research Institute of America. 2006.
• "FTC Action against Kevin Trudeau". Quackwatch.org. 23 July 2000.
• "Announced Deportment for June xix, 1998". Federal Trade Commission. nineteen June 1998.
• Harris, Albert J.; Sipay, Edward R. (1990). How to Increase Reading Power (ninth ed.). New York City: Longman. ISBN978-0-80130-246-6.
• Homa, Donald (1983). "An assessment of two "extraordinary" speed-readers". Bulletin of the Psychonomic Club. 21 (2): 123–126. doi:ten.3758/BF03329973.
• Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Linguistic communication Comprehension. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0.
• McBride, Vearl G. (1973). Damn the School System – Full Speed Ahead!. New York City: Exposition Printing. ISBN978-0-68247-695-9.
• "Chapter 3: Fluency". Didactics Children To Read : An Prove-Based Assessment of the Scientific Enquiry Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Didactics : Reports of the Subgroups (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Reading Panel. 2000. p. 3-one.
• Nell, Victor (1988). "The Psychology of Reading for Pleasure. Needs and Gratifications". Reading Research Quarterly. 23 (one): 6–fifty. doi:10.2307/747903.
• Perfetti, Charles A. (1985). Reading Power. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19503-501-eight.
• Roesler, Peter (2021). Principles of Speed Reading (PDF). Duesseldorf, Germany: exclam. ISBN978-3-943736-12-0.
• Schmitz, Wolfgang (2013). Schneller lesen – besser verstehen [Reading faster – understanding better] (in High german). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN978-3-49963-045-3.
• Scheele, Paul R. (1996). The PhotoReading Whole Heed Arrangement (2nd ed.). Wayzata, Minn: Learning Strategies Corp. ISBN978-0-92548-052-1.
• Stancliffe, George D. (2003). Speed Reading iv Kids (tertiary ed.). Point Roberts, WA: The American Speed Reading Project. ISBN978-0-97141-762-v.
• Wood, Evelyn Nielsen; Barrows, Marjorie Wescott (1958). Reading Skills. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
• Davis, Zach (2009). PoweReading. Informationswelle nutzen, Zeit sparen, Effektivität steigern [PoweReading. Use the information moving ridge, save fourth dimension, increment effectiveness] (in German). Munich: Peoplebuilding Verlag. ISBN978-three-98095-360-3.
• "Reading: Skimming and scanning". BBC Skillswise . Retrieved 13 August 2019.

External links [edit]

• Pitiful, Simply Speed Reading Won't Help You Read More
• Golovatyi, Aleksandr (five July 2019). "How To Read 3x Faster: Some Advice from Readlax". Medium.com.
• Ferriss, Tim (thirteen May 2014). "How I Learned to Read 300 Percent Faster in 20 Minutes". Huffington Mail service.
• Dunning, Brian (26 October 2010). "Skeptoid #229: Speed Reading". Skeptoid.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_reading

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